Early Day

The Discovery of X-Rays:

[1] Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the discovery of X-rays: Revisite... : Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology (lww.com)

[2] rontgen-analysis.pdf (education.fr)

[3] Cathode ray | electron beam, X-rays, TV tubes | Britannica

Medical Applications of X-Rays:

[4] "Pioneer in X-Ray Therapy". Science. New Series. 125 (3236): 18–19. 4 January 1957. Bibcode:1957Sci...125T..18.. doi:10.1126/science.125.3236.18. JSTOR 1752791. PMID 17835363

[5] X-rays and radium in the treatment of diseases of the skin : MacKee, George M. (George Miller), 1878- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Finsen Lamps:

[6] Metzenbaum, Myron (1905). "Radium: Its value in the treatment of lupus, rodent ulcer, and epithelioma, with reports of cases". International Clinics. 4:14: 21–31

[7] We’ve Been Killing Deadly Germs With UV Light for More Than a Century - IEEE Spectrum

Discovery of Radioactive Materials:

[8] https://stickmanphysics.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alpha-Decay-of-U-238b.gif

[9] 7.3: Spontaneous Nuclear Decay - Chemistry LibreTexts

Discovery of Radium:

[10] NobelPrize.org

Radium Therapy:

[11] MacKee, George Miller (1921). X-rays and radium in the treatment of diseases of the skin. Lea & Febiger.

[12] Metzenbaum, Myron (1905). "Radium: Its value in the treatment of lupus, rodent ulcer, and epithelioma, with reports of cases". International Clinics. 4:14: 21–31.

[13]A new study reveals that quantum physics can cause mutations in our DNA | University of Surrey

[14] Knox, Robert (1918). Radiography and Radio-therapeutics: Radio-therapeutics. Macmillan

Radium Baths:

[15] https://museumofradium.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/roman-bath-spa-bath-1536x1025.jpg

[16] Strutt, J.R. (1904). "A study of the radio-activity of certain minerals and mineral waters". Nature. 69 (1794): 473–475. Bibcode:1904Natur..69R.473.. doi:10.1038/069473b0

Coolidge X-Ray Tubes:

[17] WE‐H‐204‐01: William D. Coolidge, Inventor of the Modern X‐Ray Tube - Allard - 2016 - Medical Physics - Wiley Online Library

Radiation Safety:

[18] History of radiation protection (siemens-healthineers.com)

The Roentgen Unit:

[19] Measurement of Ionizing Radiation | Radiology Key

Orthovoltage Era:

[20] Linear Accelerator Basics | Oncology Medical Physics

[21] Orthovoltage_X-rays (chemeurope.com)

Development of Brachytherapy:

[22] Gerbaulet A, Pötter R, Mazeron J, Meertens H, Limbergen EV, eds. (2002). The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy. Leuven, Belgium: European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

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Radiology:

[1] APS News November 2001, volume 10, number 10

[2] https://medicine.lau.edu.lb/related-entities/zahi-hakim-museum/collection/fluoroscopy-viewing/hand-held-fluoroscope.php

[3] https://web.phys.ksu.edu/mmmm/piko/fluor.htm

[4] https://www.ramsoft.com/history-of-mammography

[5] https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/x-rays

[6] Artico M, Spoletini M, Fumagalli L, Biagioni F, Ryskalin L, Fornai F, Salvati M, Frati A, Pastore FS, Taurone S. Egas Moniz: 90 Years (1927-2017) from Cerebral Angiography. Front Neuroanat. 2017 Sep 19;11:81. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00081. PMID: 28974927; PMCID: PMC5610728.

[7] Schulz RA, Stein JA, Pelc NJ. How CT happened: the early development of medical computed tomography. J Med Imaging (Bellingham). 2021 Sep;8(5):052110. doi: 10.1117/1.JMI.8.5.052110. Epub 2021 Oct 29. PMID: 34729383; PMCID: PMC8555965.

[8] https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Statistical-Release-18th-May-2023-PDF-471KB-1.pdf

[9] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pet-scan/

[10] https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-spect.htm

[11] https://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-education/science-topics/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri

[12] APS News July 2006, volume 15, number 7

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Modern Day

Cobalt-60 and the Megavoltage Era:

[1] Jumeau, Raphaël et.al, Stereotactic Radiotherapy for the Management of Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia: Promise and Future Directions. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2020 

[2]Ravichandran R, Radioactive Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Machine - Estimates of Personnel Dose in Mock Emergency in Patient Release during "Source Stuck Situation". J Med Phys. 2017

[3]J. Van Dyk1 , J. J. Battista1 , and P.R. Almond,A RETROSPECTIVE OF COBALT-60 RADIATION THERAPY: “THE ATOM BOMB THAT SAVES LIVES” MEDICAL PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL Journal, Special Issue, History of Medical Physics 4, 2020

[4]https://www.lhsc.on.ca/about-lhsc/celebrating-the-60th-anniversary-of-the-worlds-first-cancer-treatment-with-cobalt-60#:~:text=Revolutionizing%20cancer%20treatment%20throughout%20the,under%20the%20leadership%20of%20Dr.

[5]Lynn J. Verhey, Paula L. Petti, Principles of Radiation Physics, Textbook of Radiation Oncology (Third Edition),W.B. Saunders,2010,Pages 95-119

 

Brachytherapy Advancements in the 1970's:

[6]Quinn, Michael L. et al. “Remote afterloading brachytherapy: human factors in a partially automated treatment system.” [1993] Computer-Based Medical Systems-Proceedings of the Sixth Annual IEEE Symposium (1993)

[7]Korb LJ, Brawer MK. Modern brachytherapy for localized prostate cancers: the northwest hospital (Seattle) experience. Rev Urol. 2001 Winter

[8]M. L. Quinn, I. Schoenfeld and D. Serig, "Remote afterloading brachytherapy: human factors in a partially automated treatment system," [1993] Computer-Based Medical Systems-Proceedings of the Sixth Annual IEEE Symposium, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1993, pp. 266-271 

[9]Michael F. L'Annunziata, Chapter 1 - Radioactivity and Our Well-Being, Radioactivity (Second Edition), Elsevier, 2016, Pages 1-66

[10]Lim YK, Kim D.  Brachytherapy: A Comprehensive Review.  Prog. Med. Phys. 2021;32:25-39. 

[11]Lee CD. Recent developments and best practice in brachytherapy treatment planning. Br J Radiol. 2014

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Proton Beam Therapy

Video:

[12]B. Marchand, D. Prieels, B. Bauvir Ion Beam Applications, IBA PROTON PENCIL BEAM SCANNING: AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR CANCER TREATMENT, Chemin du Cyclotron 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium R. Sépulchre, M. Gérard Institut Montéfiore B28, University of Liège, Belgium 

[13]Tian X, Liu K, Hou Y, Cheng J, Zhang J. The evolution of proton beam therapy: Current and future status. Mol Clin Oncol. 2018 January

[14]Hu, M., Jiang, L., Cui, X. et al. Proton beam therapy for cancer in the era of precision medicine. J Hematol Oncol 11, 136 (2018).

[15]https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2021/03/15/could-proton-beam-therapy-improve-throat-cancer-treatment/ 

[16]Hasan Murshed, Chapter 9 - Proton Radiation Therapy, Editor(s): Hasan Murshed, Fundamentals of Radiation Oncology (Third Edition), Academic Press, 2019, Pages 161-171

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Extra Information:

[17] https://www.christie.nhs.uk/patients-and-visitors/services/proton-beam-therapy/what-is-proton-beam-therapy/how-proton-beam-therapy-is-delivered 

[18]https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/pencil-beam-proton-therapy--what-to-know.h00-159305412.html#:~:text=Pioneered%20at%20MD%20Anderson%2C%20pencil,used%20to%20destroy%20cancer%20cells. 

[19]B. Marchand, D. Prieels, B. Bauvir Ion Beam Applications, IBA PROTON PENCIL BEAM SCANNING: AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR CANCER TREATMENT, Chemin du Cyclotron 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium R. Sépulchre, M. Gérard Institut Montéfiore B28, University of Liège, Belgium

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Bragg's Peak video:

[20]https://www.crhea.cnrs.fr/nectar/Projet_Protontherapie-presentation.html 

[21]https://gray.mgh.harvard.edu/attachments/article/337/Techniques%20of%20Proton%20Radiotherapy%20(10)%20Bragg%20Peak.pdf 

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Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy:

Video:

[22]https://www.petermac.org/patients-and-carers/treatments/radiation-therapy/volumetric-modulated-arc-therapy-vmat  [23]Khalil, H.A.; Darwish, S.; Ibrahim, Y.M.; Hassan, O.F. 3D-MRI Brain Tumor Detection Model Using Modified Version of Level Set Segmentation Based on Dragonfly Algorithm. Symmetry 2020.

[24]Lee, H., Kim, H., Kwak, J. et al. Fluence-map generation for prostate intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning using a deep-neural-network. Sci Rep 9, 15671 (2019) 

[25]H. Rocha, J.M. Dias, B.C. Ferreira, M.C. Lopes, Discretization of optimal beamlet intensities in IMRT: A binary integer programming approach, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, Volume 55, Issues 7–8, 2012, Pages 1969-1980 

[26]https://www.genesiscare.com/uk/treatment/radiotherapy/volumetric-modulated-arc-therapy 

[27]Hong TS, Ritter MA, Tomé WA, Harari PM. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy: emerging cancer treatment technology. Br J Cancer. 2005

[28]Ryan D. Kraus et al., , Benefits of Adopting Hypofractionated Radiotherapy as a Standard of Care in Low-and Middle-Income Countries. JCO Glob Oncol 8.

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Extra Information:

[29]https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/stor-i-student-sites/matthew-davison/2021/04/03/imrt-planning-process-fluence-map-optimization/ 

[30]Jordan TJ, Williams PC. The design and performance characteristics of a multileaf collimator. Phys Med Biol. 1994 Feb;39(2):231-51. 

[31]Zhang, Xin & Li, Jiaxin & Dang, Jianwu & Liu, Zhiqiang & Min, Yongzhi. (2017). Design and Parameters Optimization of the Fractional Order Anti-windup Controller for Multileaf Collimator. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review. 10. 35-41.

[32]https://www.mttm.com/tungsten-alloys/industries/medical 

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Image-Guided Radiation Therapy:

Video:

[33]D.Verellen, M. De Ridder, G.Storme, A (short) history of image-guided radiotherapy, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Volume 86, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 4-13.

[34]https://cancer.northwell.edu/navigating-care/our-treatments/four-dimensional-radiation-therapy 

[35]https://radonc.wustl.edu/department-of-radiation-oncology-to-install-new-mridian-linac-system/ 

[36]Low, Daniel A.. “4D imaging and 4D radiation therapy: a New Era of therapy design and delivery.” Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology 43 (2011): 99-117 . 

[37]Okuda, D. T., 2018, "New 3D technology to help in the battle against brain tumours", Research OUTREACH (105), (Accessed 2024/02/14) 

[38]https://sdbif.org/whats-the-difference-between-all-the-different-head-scans/ 

[39]https://www.verywellhealth.com/cardiac-mri-definition-1745353 

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Extra Information:

[40]Li G, Citrin D, Camphausen K, Mueller B, Burman C, Mychalczak B, Miller RW, Song Y. Advances in 4D medical imaging and 4D radiation therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2008 Feb.

[41]Rammohan N, Randall JW, Yadav P. History of Technological Advancements towards MR-Linac: The Future of Image-Guided Radiotherapy. J Clin Med. 2022 Aug. 

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Stereotactic Radiotherapy:

[42]Kim, S., Palta, J, The Physics of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (2008), Principles and Practice of Stereotactic Radiosurgery,  Springer, New York, NY 

[43]Knisely.J, Sahgal.A, Lo.S, Ma.L, Chang.E , Stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic body radiation therapy—reflection on the last decade’s achievements and future directions, 2016, Annals of Palliative Medicine; Vol 5, No 2 (April 20, 2016): Annals of Palliative Medicine 

[44]C.Lindquist, Gamma knife radiosurgery, Seminars in Radiation Oncology, Volume 5, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 197-202 

[45]Halasz LM, Rockhill JK. Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases. Surg Neurol Int. 2013  

[46]https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/stereotactic 

[47]https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Stereotactic-Radiosurgery 

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Radioimmunology:

[48]Sgouros, G., Bodei, L., McDevitt, M.R. et al. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 19, 589–608 (2020). 

[49]Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiation Therapy Enters the Molecular Age, October 26, 2020, by NCI Staff, https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/radiopharmaceuticals-cancer-radiation-therapy 

[50]Production and Distribution of Radioisotopes at ORNL, National Historic Chemical Landmark, March 6, 2008, Tennessee,https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/radioisotopes.html#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20method%20of,a%20neutron%2Drich%20atom). 

[51]Kawashima H. Radioimmunotherapy: a specific treatment protocol for cancer by cytotoxic radioisotopes conjugated to antibodies. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014. 

[52[https://ehss.energy.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap6_5.html 

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All videos created using Canva

Future

 

[1] History of Technological Advancements towards MR-Linac: The Future of Image-Guided Radiotherapy

[2] Contemporary Radiotherapy - Future and Present

[3] Manchester Cancer Research Centre